Drowning Girl, Lovers Comparision Essay

Themes of Love and Loneliness feature in some of the most famous pieces of art in the world, such as The Kiss (Gustav Klimt) and The Subway (George Tooker). Artists use certain methods to evoke certain emotions. Roy Lichtenstein and Renà © Magritte are world-renowned artists both known for different art styles and different views on art itself. Roy Lichtenstein is a Pop artist and painted Drowning Girl whilst Renà © Magritte, generally a surrealist, painted The Lovers. Both paintings focus on using the elements and principles of design to portray the themes of Love and Loneliness. By analyzing these two artists and their artworks this report will evaluate how successful the artworks and artists are at conveying the themes of love and loneliness. Run for Love, Tony Abruzzo, DC Comics (1962) Run for Love, Tony Abruzzo, DC Comics (1962) Drowning Girl was painted by American Pop artist, Roy Lichtenstein, in 1963. This work depicts the face, hand and shoulder of a woman drowning in a swirl of water. Above the electric-blue hair of the crying woman there is a thought bubble captioned â€Å"I don’t care! I’d rather sink than call Brad for help!† This work has been cropped out of a comic entitled ‘Run for Love’ and then hand-painted and slightly adjusted by Lichtenstein using oil and  synthetic polymer paint on canvas. â€Å"I’m never drawing the object itself; I’m only drawing a depiction of the object – a kind of crystallized symbol of it.† – Roy Lichtenstein. This work reflects the theme of loneliness as it features a woman describing how she would rather give in to her own death than call Brad (whom we first presume to be her partner) for help. The Lovers (commonly known as Les Amants) was painted by surrealist artist Renà © Magritte. The Lovers features a man and a woman (whom we assume to be ‘lovers’) standing together, cheek to cheek, almost as if they were posing for a holiday snapshot. The couple each have a white cloth wrapped around their faces that curl behind their shoulders. In the background you can see greenery, trees in the distance and a hill that slopes down towards the middle of the canvas. Magritte has used oil paint on canvas to produce The Lovers. At first glance, this painting has a very eerie, mysterious feeling. Renà © Magritte’s mother committed suicide by drowning herself in the River Sambre. According to popular belief, the young Magritte, age 14, witnessed his mother’s body as it was retrieved from the river with her wet night dress clinging to her face. Many believe that this childhood event influenced many of Magritte’s paintings in which the faces of people have been obscured, including The Lovers. Magritte denied these accusations, however it is almost suspiciously ironic how an image of a childhood event has nothing to do with a painting extremely similar to that image. Whilst Roy Lichtenstein uses colours and dominance to show strong emotions of isolation, Renà © Magritte uses tone and texture to create a more realistic and mysterious image. In Drowning Girl Roy Lichtenstein uses bold and subdued colours to create a certain vibe. The reason as to why the woman’s hair is coloured such a bright electric blue is to represent that the woman is an individual who holds very strong thoughts and emotions. The muted blue of the swirling waves surrounding and trapping her represents the depressing and lonely state she is in with this ‘Brad’ personality, as blue is a colour often associated with sadness and depression. The woman is trapped in a sea of sadness. In both the waves and the woman’s hair,  Lichtenstein has painted strong black strokes to represent the movement of both the hair and the waves. The bold and subdue colors in Drowning Girl help to communicate the meaning by somewhat also adding a sense of life, existence wh ilst keeping to the lonely and melodramatic theme of such a comical, unrealistic painting. Dominance gives a painting interest and helps to direct the focus on one particular shape or segment of the artwork. Lichtenstein uses this principle of design, as the painting concentrates heavily on the woman’s face (taking up approximately 50% of the painting). This is very effective and really conveys the woman’s emotions through her facial expression. The face resembles an expression of dismay, distress and exaggerated sadness. Drowning Girl is a very melodramatic painting and Roy Lichtenstein decided to crop out so that she was the only being you see in this painting, which creates a sense of loneliness in itself. Lichtenstein then greatly enlarged that cropped out image of the woman so that her face would be another major focus point (along with the thought bubble) to help depict a theatrical loneliness by using her facial expressions. Tone gives a two-dimensional drawing the illusion of three-dimensional form. Renà © Magritte used tone to create a more realistic image that therefore adds to the mysterious and unsettling ambience. â€Å"Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist.† – Renà © Magritte. The way he used tone to display the way the cloths are settled around the couple’s heads was sensationally creepy. The darker tone of the background helps brings the couple forwards and really corroborates the sense that they are posing for a photo, which consequently also promotes mystery. Why do they have white cloths wrapped around their head? Why are they taking such a photo? If they aren’t taking a photo what are they posing for? Even though language isn’t an official element or principle of design, it is a crucial visual element to Drowning Girl as is the lack of lines in The Lovers. The statement â€Å"I don’t care! I’d rather sink than call Brad for help!† is so vague and ambiguous whilst being incredibly dramatic that it evokes mystery and engages the mind of viewers. Raising multiple questions about the relationship of ‘Brad’ and this woman. We see ourselves wondering how badly has Brad hurt her? What could have possibly happened between the two in order for her to place her pride before her life? This  little thought bubble communicates the theme of loneliness because it exclaims how this woman seems extremely weakened by Brad because she states that she would rather drown in the water than be saved by Brad. The other major focal point of Drowning Girl is the woman’s face as it takes up a majority of the 171.6 x 169.5 cm painting. Magritte’s lack of sharp lines in The Lovers also modifies the painting to look more life like. Unlike Roy Lichtenstein who uses distinct lines to outline shapes, forms and movement in Drowning Girl, Renà © Magritte tries to avoid using lines and instead to use tone wherever he could in order to once again make the painting more realistic which then adds to the ominous and obscure atmosphere of The Lovers. Certain artworks behold different meanings to different people. The Lovers is a cryptic painting where the theme is found through investigation whilst Drowning Girl uses the theme of loneliness to then convey a message. Renà © Magritte’s The Lovers is an almost chilling artwork that evokes mystery. Magritte wanted those who view the artwork to question what they see and to find a meaning that’s apparent to them. â€Å"My painting is visible images which conceal nothing†¦they evoke mystery and indeed when one sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself this simple question ‘what does that mean’? It does not mean anything, because mystery means nothing either, it is unknowable.† – Renà © Magritte. By laying cloths around the couple’s heads the painting immediately changes from a ‘holiday snapshot’ to a mysterious, unsettling image. Whilst many associate this painting with ‘blind love’, to me this painting symbolizes, due to the name and pose, a couple, â€Å"Lovers† who are each isolated and hiding things from each other. They do not truly love one another and may â€Å"love† each other for the wrong reasons. The white cloth represents the shield they are putting up and hiding beneath. This painting can also represents the death of love, as the cloth clinging to their faces can be associated with the death of his mother. The Lovers also evaluates how people can falsely exploit the title of ‘lovers’. Lichtenstein gives Drowning Girl a very over the top, melodramatic feeling and mood whilst conjuring a little mystery. By creating such a melodramatic atmosphere Lichtenstein is also mocking or parodying comics (and other forms of media) about the oversimplification and  stereotypes of people, gender, emotions authors use in order to sell to the audience. There is a woman who typifies the comic representation as she is a clichà ©d beautiful woman in a state of mental breakdown and depression due to some incident or situation concerning her relationship with the out of frame, Brad. â€Å"Well, I had the idea of ‘The Hero’ Brad. ‘Brad’ sounded like a hero to me, so all heroes were to be called Brad—a very minor idea, but it has to do with oversimplification and clichà ©.† – Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein is able to use loneliness to convey a statement about society’s commercial depiction of gender. The most engaging aspect about both these paintings are that they both evoke mystery and even after the viewing of the artwork questions in your mind still remain whether it is to do with an out of frame character or literally, a white cloth wrapped around one’s head. Both these paintings do a fantastic job at using the elements and principles of design to support and depict the message or feeling the wish to convey. In Drowning Girl Roy Lichtenstein uses colour, language and dominance in order to create a very lonely, sad melodramatic feel to the painting whilst Renà © Magritte tries create a mysterious, ominous and almost chilling ambience in The Lovers. Magritte uses this mysterious feel to convey a hidden message to do with love. However Lichtenstein uses this evident loneliness in Drowning Girl to convey a completely different message about society’s commercial depiction of gender. Therefore, artists Roy Lichtenstein and Renà © Magritte have both managed to create successful pieces of art following the themes of love and loneliness. Love and loneliness are some of the two most painted themes in the art world. Many artists love to convey these themes as it allows their artworks to be filled with so much emotion. Generally a surrealist, Renà © Magritte painted The Lovers whilst pop artist, Roy Lichtenstein painted Drowning Girl. Both these paintings do a successful job at reflecting themes of loneliness by using different Elements and principles of design. Artists generally do use many different types of methods and  mediums to depict certain messages, evoke certain emotions and engage certain thoughts from the viewer. Despite this artworks often promote different messages, meanings, emotions and thoughts to each individual viewer. These themes, meanings and messages may depend on variables such as the current situation the viewer is in, situations they have been in before and the way they look at life. Different people evoke different emotions at different times. The world around us is too concerned and convinced about how they ‘should’ feel when viewing an artwork or whether they ‘like’ and artwork or not due to absurd factors. What do others think about the artwork? Was the artist famous? Did their paintings sell for millions? Art is whatever you perceive it to be, don’t let people tell you otherwise. Bibliography Barsalou, D. 2000, Drowning Girl Deconstructing Roy Lichtenstein [online], Available from: URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/deconstructing-roy-lichtenstein/45878755/in/photostream/ (accessed 25 Aug.2013). Gershman, R. Art Story – Roy Lichtenstein [online], Available from: URL: http://www.theartstory.org/artist-lichtenstein-roy.htm (accessed 24 Aug.2013). Les Amants [online], Available from: URL: http://www.artsmypassion.com/Les-Amants-p/b2307.htm (accessed 26 Aug.2013). Magritte Gallery, Les Amants (The Lovers) [online], Available from: URL: http://www.magritte-gallery.com/index.php/les-amants-the-lovers-lithograph-rene-magritte.html (accessed 23 Aug.2013). MoMA, 2011, Drowning Girl [online], Available from: URL: http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=80249 (accessed 25 Aug.2013). NGA, Renà © Magritte, Les Amants (The Lovers) [online], Available from: URL: http://nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=148052 (accessed 23 Aug.2013). Powers, S. Art Story – Magritte [online], Available from: URL: http://www.theartstory.org/artist-magritte-rene.htm# (accessed 25 Aug.2013). The Lovers, 1928 by Rene Magritte [online], Available from: URL: http://www.rene-magritte.org/the-lovers.jsp (accessed 21 Aug.2013).

Differences and Similarities between Respiration and Photosynthesis Essay

Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis OrganellesMitochondriaChloroplast Organelle StructuresThe double-membraned mitochondrion can be loosely described as a large wrinkled bag packed inside of a smaller, unwrinkled bag. The two membranes create distinct compartments within the organelle, and are themselves very different in structure and in function.Two membranes contain and protect the inner parts of the chloroplast. The stroma is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created. One thylakoid stack is called a granum. The thylakoids have chlorophyll molecules on their surface. That chlorophyll uses sunlight to create sugars. The stacks of sacs are connected by stromal lamellae. The lamellae act like the skeleton of the chloroplast, keeping all of the sacs a safe distance from each other and maximizing the efficiency of the organelle. Stages InvolvedGlycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport ChainPhotoexcitation, photolysis, photophosphorylation ReactantsOxygen and GlucoseCarbon Dioxide and Water

Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease (CHD) Essay

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The American Dream - Research Paper Example The core fabric of the American dream is the fact any individual is capable of attaining the level of success desirable depending on their ability and achievements. Essentially, the American dream envisions an environment where thrift and hard work are the defining factors of the success of an individual. The issues of race and background do not in any obstruct a person in their pursuit for a better and fulfilling life. In the modern times, the definition of the American Dream has significantly changed to reflect the changing times. Some people hold the belief that the American Dream means the pursuit of money. The ability to purchase a big house, own an expensive car and afford exotic holidays seems the motivation of a number of American citizens. Yet to some, the basic freedom to live in a society free from fear literally defines their American Dream. Both ways, the quest for material wealth and freedom still remain the central themes of the modern definition of the American Dream. According Adams (1931), the American dream is not merely a pursuit of cars and high wages, rather a dream of social order creating a society whereby every individual is able to attain the peak of achievement which they are created capable of. Further, each individual deserves the right to be recognized irrespective of their position or the unchangeable circumstances of birth. He further points out that the pursuit of this dream should not sideline other individuals in the pursuit of their goals. The shifts in the modern society have made it almost impossible for every individual to have equal footing; it is hard to ignore the bitter truth that the circumstances where each individual grows in have a tremendous impact on their ability to attain prosperity in the future. Of course the classic story of rags to riches still reverberates throughout the nation. But in reality, sometimes the odds are so great that in surmounting them to attain prosperity, one may have opportunity to enjoy the fruits of their prosperity. Indeed, the parody of our times is people working long hours to buy nice cars and big homes yet they spend over two thirds of their time tied in their work place. It is also necessary to note that it is easier for people coming from a prosperous background to achieve success than those that come from poor backgrounds. Comparing two people of equal capability and with equal opportunity, the differentiating factor will be the initial background. As Mathew (2008) puts it, in the pursuit of wealth you can never run faster than your shadow however hard you may try. The truth is that inequalities in the society serve as impediments in the pursuit of self fulfillment. Growing disparities in class and social stratification make it difficult for the individuals from humble backgrounds to pursue the American Dream. In his article â€Å"Changing Concepts of The American Dream†, Mathew (2008) points out that many Americans no longer entertain the vision fo r future success through hard work and sweat. Rather, most individuals covet a short cut to wealth. This partly explains the recent obsession with get-rich-schemes throughout the nation. Large prize television game shows have also become immensely popular who call in during the shows2. The CNN Memorial2 list a one Charles Henry Karczewski who was a benefits consultant at AON Group. In a tribute for him, his wife says that he loved that â€Å"stupid trade center†

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Public University Analysis - Essay Example The Commonwealth, and not the University, has the full duty of contributing to the plan. Significantly, the entire full-time faculty, particular managing staff, and the health care personnel involve themselves in the Faculty Discretional Retirement Plans. These are set-contribution strategies in which the retirement gains got are linked to the employer and employee aids (of which most of them are paid by the University), and the dividends and interest. Personal contracts provided the strategies for full-time faculty and given managing personnel provide for complete and instant entrusting of both the participant’s and University’s contributions (Sigo, 2014). The health care personnel’s employer aids completely entrust after a single year of employment. Full pension costs under the plans were about $36.3 million. Contributions to the Discretional Retirement Plans were aggregated by use of the base salaries of about $337.6. The input value amounted to 9.9%. Considering the Retirement Plans, it is definite that each and every stable full-time employee, as a rule of work, is an affiliate of both the State and Teachers’ Employees ‘Retirement Structure or the Discretionary Retirement Program. Fit workers can choose to participate in the Discretionary Retirement Program at the time of work, or else they get enrolled in the State and Teachers’ Employees’ Retirement Structure. The State and Teachers’ Employees’ Retirement Structure (TSERS) at the Virginia University comprise of a cost-sharing multiple-worker described benefit pension plan that is recognized by the State to give pension gains for workers of State, local boards of education and its component sections (Sigo, 2014). The TSERS is managed by around 14 members of Board of Trustees, with the Chairman of the Board being the State Treasurer. GASB proposed changes that were to affect the financial statements of institutions and

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Linguistics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Linguistics Assignment 2 - Essay Example When derivational morphemes are added to the stem it turns the element into a different grammatical category. For instance when ‘-ness’ is added at the end of the word ‘good’ it forms a new word ‘goodness’. Contrary to the derivational morpheme, an inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical structure of the word upon adding it to the stem. However, it does indicate grammatical aspects of its function. Adding the past form to the word ‘jump’ turns it into ‘jumped’ indicating the past form (grammatical aspect) of the word. b) How important is it to teach students of English as an L2 about these categories? Critically discuss what you would and would not teach them and why. Justify your answer with examples from the classroom context. It is critical to teach students about morpheme categories but it is not vital to teach them everything. The purpose is not to cloud their minds with unnecessary details that will hinder their efforts in grasping the core concepts. The nature of English language is transforming everyday around the world. It is not wise to feed the new learners of English language rigid facts that will probably modify in the coming years. Despite the changing nature of English language, there is no denying the importance of the basics. I will teach my students about morphemes, what they are, what their usage is and most importantly make the students practice them to use it. The ultimate goal of teaching English as a second language is not to make the students appear in PhD exams in English language. They primary goal is to make them effective communicators. In the classroom, the majority of focus is on theory. Theoretical learning has its benefits but my class will be much more activity driven. I would teach my students about morphemes through activities and not by just writing it on the white board. They will be given hand-outs that will have

Dual Protection - Design and Copyright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dual Protection - Design and Copyright - Essay Example Besides, under what circumstances can dual protection are offered. Body Firstly, it is important to understand the differences between copyright protection and design protection. Though both are intellectual property and both aim to protect the rights of the IP holder, the objectives and techniques of protection of each would differ. The copyright protection would aim to protect the designer from any abuse of his or her rights whether or not the particular property has been registered or not. On the other hand, the industrial design would aim to provide security to the industry. Hence, simply based on their means of protection, there would be divergences. With relation to the duration of protection, copyright laws ensure an almost perpetual protection, whereas the design laws would only protect for a specific duration. Design laws have to be renewed every 5 years and to a maximum of 25 years in total. Hence, even if copyright and designs could be applied simultaneously, once the desi gn term is over, hardly anybody would be interested in the copyright existing. Another important difference is regarding the infringement processes associated with the design. Designs do offer protection even from innocent violators who may not know that a particular design is already registered and is protected. On the other hand, copyright provides for a wider fair use circle that would effectively protect innocent and non-commercial users. By the very nature of the mechanism of protection, it can be asserted that both designs and copyrights are present for different purposes. The next important difference is the extent of protection, though copyright would protect only expressions of ideas and not ideas, it protects the design in every conceivable form including when it may be used in a 2-dimensional or a 3-dimensional form. However, a design would only protect the appearance or the aesthetic appearance to the article for which it is registered. The final difference noted is that copyright does not require a registration process due to which 99% of all designs are actually registered by this mechanism. This has lead to protection of designs for longer duration and in all conceivable forms3. The dual level of protection has arisen from the definition of artistic work4 under the copyright Act and the general definition of design under the Design Act (Section 1)5. The criteria for fulfilling copyright, is that the work should be original and should have been created by the author, and there it is not necessary that the work be registered. Artistic work more often represents visual representations of intellectual work or ideas to be presented in a material form. One possibility is that drawings or works of craftsmanship which is in fact artistic work may also be design drawings of industrial products or articles of manufacture of various goods. Copyright law offers certain rights to the owner including the right to make copies of the work, the right to distribu te or communicate the work to the public, the right to translate or reproduce the work from one form to another (e.g. from a 2-dimensional work to a

Essay of william Essay Example for Free

Essay of william Essay Scepticism about technological determinism emerged alongside increased pessimism about techno-science in the mid-20th century, in particular around the use of nuclear energy in the production of nuclear weapons, Nazi human experimentation during World War II, and the problems of economic development in the third world. As a direct consequence, desire for greater control of the course of development of technology gave rise to disenchantment with the model of technological determinism in academia. Modern theorists of technology and society no longer consider technological determinism to be a very accurate view of the way in which we interact with technology, even though determinist assumptions and language fairly saturate the writings of many boosters of technology, the business pages of many popular magazines, and much reporting on technology. Instead, research in science and technology studies, social construction of technology and related fields have emphasised more nuanced views that resist easy causal formulations. They emphasise that The relationship between technology and society cannot be reduced to a simplistic cause-and-effect formula. It is, rather, an intertwining', whereby technology does not determine but operates, and are operated upon in a complex social field (Murphie and Potts). In his article Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with Technology, Andrew Feenberg argues that technological determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding theses of determinism are easily questionable and in doing so calls for what he calls democratic rationalization (Feenberg 210–212). Prominent opposition to technologically determinist thinking has emerged within work on the social construction of technology (SCOT). SCOT research, such as that of Mackenzie and Wajcman (1997) argues that the path of innovation and its social consequences are strongly, if not entirely shaped by society itself through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, regulatory mechanisms and the like. In its strongest form, verging on social determinism, What matters is not the technology itself, but the social or economic system in which it is embedded (Langdon Winner). In his influential but contested (see Woolgar and Cooper, 1999) article Do Artifacts Have Politics?, Langdon Winner illustrates a form of technological determinism by elaborating instances in which artifacts can have politics. Although The deterministic model of technology is widely propagated in society (Sarah Miller), it has also been widely questioned by scholars. Lelia Green explains that, When technology was perceived as being outside society, it made sense to talk about technology as neutral. Yet, this idea fails to take into account that culture is not fixed and society is dynamic. When Technology is implicated in social processes, there is nothing neutral about society (Lelia Green). This confirms one of the major problems with technological determinism and the resulting denial of human responsibility for change. There is a loss of human involvement that shape technology and society (Sarah Miller). Another conflicting idea is that of technological somnambulism, a term coined by Winner in his essay Technology as Forms of Life. Winner wonders whether or not we are simply sleepwalking through our existence with little concern or knowledge as to how we truly interact with technology. In this view it is still possible for us to wake up and once again take control of the direction in which we are traveling (Winner 104). However, it requires society to adopt Ralph Schroeders claim that, users don’t just passively consume technology, but actively transform it. In opposition to technological determinism are those who subscribe to the belief of social determinism and postmodernism. Social determinists believe that social circumstances alone select which technologies are adopted, with the result that no technology can be considered inevitable solely on its own merits. Technology and culture are not neutral and when knowledge comes into the equation, technology becomes implicated in social processes. The knowledge of how to create and enhance technology, and of how to use technology is socially bound knowledge. Postmodernists take another view, suggesting that what is right or wrong is dependent on circumstance. They believe technological change can have implications on the past, present and future.[6] While they believe technological change is influenced by changes in government policy, society and culture, they consider the notion of change to be a paradox, since change is constant. Media and cultural studies theorist Brian Winston, in response to technological determinism, developed a model for the emergence of new technologies which is centered on the Law of the suppression of radical potential. In two of his books – Technologies of Seeing: Photography, Cinematography and Television (1997) and Media Technology and Society (1998) – Winston applied this model to show how technologies evolve over time, and how their invention is mediated and controlled by society and societal factors which suppress the radical potential of a given technology.

Analysis of Indias Service Sector

Analysis of Indias Service Sector The services sector is not only the dominant sector in Indias GDP, but has also appealed significant foreign security tides, significantly backing to exports as well as provide large-scale employment. Indias services sector covers a wide variety of activities such as trade, hotel and restaurants, transport, storage and communication, financing, insurance, real estate, business services, community, social and personal services, and services associated with construction. Labor productivity in services is the chief and it has amplified tirelessly. Indias service sector is recognized by its magnitude and vigor accounting for more than 55% to gross domestic product (GDP) which is progressively increasing by 10 % p.a. and contributing to around 25% to aggregate employment and having major provisions in FDI invasions and 33% of total exports. The statistics pertaining to a number of aspects of service sector was collected from secondary source such as published articles, journals and report s. The report aims to analyze the performance, growth and also challenges faced by service sector in India. The results revealed that amongst different countries India levels 12th position, sharing service sector to Indian economy. (IBEF, 2017) The services sectors evolution was expressively faster than the 6.6% for the joint agriculture and industry sectors annual output growth. Further, India with a services sector share of 52% in national GDP in 2009 and 55.2 per cent in 2009-10 associates well even with the developed countries in the top 12 countries with the highest overall GDP. It was observed that there was an upsurge in share of service sector to countries GDP at existing prices from 30.5 to 55 % during 1950-2010. The report also conveys that the performance of service sector such as communication, transportation and storage was high with an growth of 15 % in 2009-10 when compared to other sectors and hotels and restaurants had an adverse growth rate in the economy. Further, the major challenges in service sector was to retain the competitiveness and preserve the traditional service sectors such as shipping and tourism. Furthermore, there is lot of scope for Indias domestic market such as sectors like education, acc ounting and health care service. Hence, the reading suggest that if these challenging issues can be taken care still the service sector can be boosted with good discretionary growth for offering many employment opportunities and also maintaining balance of trade. (AOISS, 2016) The contribution of service sectors in countrys GDP (factor cost) has increased from 30% to 55% during the period of 1950 to 2010. Apart from this, the GDP contribution can be increased if these sectors are further enriched and take account of construction sector, then it will be around 63% share in 2009-2010. There is a continues debate on counting either construction can be induced into secondary or tertiary sector even as RBI and many international institutions like WTO which consider construction sector under service sectors. The classification of the services sector consists of four major categories given by Central Statistical Organization (CSO). Among 4 sectors, in first group, over the years hotels and restaurants were positive and gradually they declined showing negative growth with and however, for trade it was a positive growth. On the other hand Social, Community and personnel services, it is evident that countrys overall GDPÂÂ   growth rate has increased from 5.7 % to 8.6 % during the period of 1990 and 2004 to 2010. This increased percentage growth was due to the acceleration of service sectors which was increased from 7.5 % to 10.3 % from 2004 to 2009-10. Contrariwise, during the same period it was around 6.6 % for inclusion of both primary and secondary sectors. Despite of global recession since 2008, it is observed that service sector has been showing growth rate of 10% p.a. The findings of World Trade Organization (WTO) reveals that India has maximum share in net exporter of services over a period of 2006-07 to 2008-09 with an increase percentage of GDP from $29.5 to $54 Billion when compared to other sectors in the economy. However, during the global recession period exports of services were abruptly declined and imports of services where deliberately increasing in nature which resulted in 2.8 % of GDP during the year 2009-10. The WTO feels that global crisis has downgraded the global business and where as in case of software service(IT sector) it was found to be positive and uninterruptedly growing. India is a major protagonist of liberalizing services equally in the WTO and in its bilateral trade treaties. Though, there are some concerns. Economic growth has slowed down. Growth in service employment has not been proportionate with the share of the sector in GDP. A large part of the employment is in the non-corporate or unorganized sector, with partial job security. Although India is depicted as a major exporter of services, its rank among WTO member countries in services exports is lower than that of Chinas and its export competitiveness focuses in few sectors and a few markets. The report identifies a number of barriers faced by the services sectors and suggests policy measures, which, if implemented, will lead to inclusive growth, increased productivity, generate quality employment, increase trade and investment, and enhance Indias global competitiveness in services. Country Rank OVERALL GDP(US$ BILLIONS) Share of Services(% of GDP) Overall Service At current Prices At Constant Prices GDP GDP 2014 2014 2000 20013 2014 United States 1 1 14119 12899 74.1 76.8 76.5 Japan 2 2 5069 4451 71 71.3 71 China 3 3 4984 3544 39 39.1 392 Germany 4 4 3330 2847 61.6 64.4 66.1 France 5 5 2649 2192 68.6 70 71.1 UK 6 6 2170 2285 65.4 63.3 70.5 Italy 7 7 2113 1725 62.5 64.6 66.6 Brazil 8 8 1572 1021 55.5 55.8 57.3 Spain 9 9 1464 1182 59.3 61.9 63.6 Canada 10 10 1336 1168 59.5 64 65.5 India 11 11 1287 1141 45.9 52.4 52 Russia 12 12 1231 865 50.2 52.4 54 World * * 58069 49356 63.7 64 64.2 (AOISS, 2016) The Indian services sector which includes financial, banking, insurance, non-financial/business, outsourcing, research and development, courier and technical test analysis, Professional services, personal services, health services, ancillary services, etc.ÂÂ   are a few example/types of services in the Indian service sector prevailing at the movement. Given below is the contribution of each service individually for GDP. The above chart demonstrations 55.66% Indias service sector share in GDP. The services sector in India has remained the most vibrant sector in terms of contribution to national and state incomes, trade flows, FDI inflows, and employment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) There is increase in 22% in 2014 from 34 billion US$ over 2013. There has been a significant growth in FDI in 2014-15 and 2015-16(April October) in general and in Services Sector in particular. In 2014-15, FDI inflows to the Services Sector grew by a whopping 70.4% to 16.4 billion US$. It show rising trend in first seven months of 2015-16 with FDI equity inflows of service sector growing by 74.7% to 14.8 billion US$. Liberalization taking place ensure that India remains an attractive investment destination. . Indias Services Trade Services exports has crucial element in Indias trade and globalization in recent years. India constitutes 7.5% of GDP and shows 8th largest service exporter in the world. Exports has raised from 16.8 billion US$ in 2001 to 155.6 billion US$ in 2014. Economy reflects openness at 50% which higher in 2014-15 compared to 38% in 2004-05. Indias Services Import was 81.1 billion US$ which rose by 3.3% in 2014-15. Initiatives were also taken by the government of India to promote services exports including the Service Export from India Scheme (SEIS) and organizing Global Exhibition on Services (GES). Tourism Economic growth depends major on tourism which creates employment for diverse kinds. Tourism growth was 10.2% in terms of foreign Tourist Arrival (FTA) and 9.7% in terms of foreign exchange Earnings (FEE) in 2014 by economic survey of India. After this it fell by 4.5% and 2.8% in terms of FTAs and FEEs in 2015. Lower in FTAs and FEEs in 2015 is due to low growth in FTAs and high spending was done by tourists originating from Europeans countries like France, Germany and UK. Domestic tourism showed important contribution to sector and it grew by 12.9%. The top five states in contributing in 2014 are Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Two schemes were launched in 2014-15 for thematic development of tourism which were Swadesh Darshan and National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive (PRASAD).ÂÂ   Healthcare portal and advantage health care India was launched for promotion of medical tourism. Shipping Port Services Around 95% and 68% India trade by volume and value is transported by sea.ÂÂ   UNCTAD shows that India with 11.7 million twenty-foot equivalent units of container and world share of 1.7%. It ranks ninth in 2014 amongst developing countries in containership operations. Increase in the share of coastal/inland waterways transport mode from 7% to 10% by 2019-20 which was vision by coastal shipping tourism and regional development. 1052.21 million tons in 2014-15 cargo traffic of India ports rise by 8.2%. The target for the years 2020 is 3130 millions tones of port capacity and investment is around INR296000 crores by Maritime Agenda. IT Services The IT shows flexibility as per the economic survey which estimated share of 9.5% of GDP and over 45% total services exports is 2015-16. E-commerce should reach 17 billion US$ which shows 21.4% of GDP. India ranks third largest technology starts ups in the world. 40 percent of startups have grown in one year by offering 80 to 85 thousand jobs in 2015. The emerging sectors will fillip to startup India program. Research and Development Services According to CSOs (Central Statistical Organization) says that there is no separate head for research and development as it is a part of professional scientific and technical activity which includes R D. Research and development rise at 3.8% and 25.5 respectively in 2013-14 and 2014-15. Survey concludes Indias RD globalization and services market is going to double by 2020 to 38 billion US$. Consultancy Services The Survey shows Consultancy Services is one of the fastest growing service segments in India. Initiatives are taken by government like the Marketing Development Assistance and Market Access Initiative Scheme among others for capacity development of domestic consultants. Real Estate and Housing It constituted 8.0% of the Indias GVA (Gross Value Added) in 2014-15 and rise by 9.1%. Since 2011-12 sector has grown by 8.1%. However, the construction sector has slowdown in last few years due to weak domestic and global growth. The Government has launched plans to build 6 crore houses by the year 2022 under the Housing for All scheme. Internal Trade Survey tells, Rs. 12, 31,073 crore trade and repair services sector share 10.7% in GVA, rose by 10.8% in 2014-15. Indias retail market is expected to rise to 1.3 trillion US$ by 2020 and India will be the worlds fastest growing major developing market. 16 billion US$ is the expectation to grow by 2015 because of growing internet population and increased online shoppers. Media and Entertainment Services According to the Economic Survey, the industry has recorded unexpected growth over the last two decades. It has become one the fastest growing industries in India.ÂÂ   CAGR of 13.9% is projected to reach 1964 billion rupees by 2019. Digital advertising and gaming, which rise by 44.5% and 22.4% respectively in 2014, are predicated to drive the growth of this sector in the coming years. Postal Services India Posts is the largest Postal network in world. From 30.86 crore it increased to 33.97 crore post office savings bankÂÂ   and total deposits in POSB accounts and cash certificate to Rs. 6.53 lakhs crore in the last one year. More than 80 lakh Sukanya Samridhi Yojna accounts have been opened. The IT Modernization Project of the Department of Posts, with a total outlay of Rs. 4909 crore, involves computerization and networking of all the post offices. Though service sector contributes highly in Indias economy there are still problems which are faced by this sector, which stops it from maximizing its growth potential. The GVA for 2016-17 in service sector was Rs. 7,378,705 which is 56.66% of the total economy, more than half of contribution comes from the service sector, but it only provides around 25% of employment. But still, both existing as well as start-up firms in service sector are facing several problems and challenges while growing as well as surviving in the Indian economy. Starting with Infrastructure, being the most common sector, the infrastructure facilities are inadequate both in rural as well as urban areas. We want accelerated growth for India, but we are not willing to see the fact that in a lot of places we dont have enough infrastructure which causes problems like unemployment, lack of quality of services as compared to the rest of the world, hence decelerating the growth. Talking about another aspect, which is tourism, we want people to think highly about India, but we dont have tourism facilities and infrastructure to attract foreign tourists, we dont have enough information and guidance on how to use public transport services. Foreign tourists often get cheated and looted in India, hence causing another problematic aspect. India has great potential for tourism if all these issues are removed and public sector tourism and transportation services are refined and enhanced including, Airports, Railway Stations, Bus stations etc. On the other hand, service trades are also facing several issues such as lack of setup of export councils in several industries, several barriers like visa issues, sector specific restrictions. Also the service sector cannot grow alone, it needs a holistic support from other primary and secondary sectors in the country, such as banking support, insurance etc. Another interesting point is that India which is a key preference area for outsourcing BPOs are facing strong competition from other developing countries, they have to improve their quality and assistance to stay strong in the industry of BPO. Though, rising automation of transactions and reduction in problems and restrictions in licenses and permits; and the activities of a free, vocal and critical media have improved transparency for business, but feedback from businesses active in the Indian market still show that there are several issues that need to be adhered to. Government can also encourage solving these problems by RD, forming teams to assess problems and tackle them effectively one problem at a time. The services sector is heterogeneous and contains lots of different agencies, different services are getting integrated due to technological developments. The government should therefore consider this in the planning of budget. In the case of sectors like transport and energy the different departments of the government should work together to design policy in 5 year and 10 year plans. Now moving towards the employment issues, the service sector has not been able to generate employment in terms of numbers as well as quality. There is shortage of labor in sectors like IT, Automobiles etc. Studies have shown that although employees prefer to work in the organized sector, skill requirements are different and it is not easy for employees to shift from unorganized to organized sector. Gross enrolment ratio is low and there are various institutes where people are not able to get jobs Degrees granted by some private universities are not recognized even within India, further affecting the employability of people. In many scenarios, companies in the services sector have to invest a lot in training and development of their employees. The governments education policy and funding have focused on higher education and have neglected primary education, still there are problems on both ends. Talking about startups, when a service startup finds their market, demand for its services will increase, and the company will need to grow and involve and take care of the needs of its growing customers. Growing at this fast rate is a challenge for small and difficult for startups, wherein high growth rate in other industries is seen as a plus point, startups need the support from government to cater such accelerating needs. This also means to finding and hiring new talent to help tackle the issues. Therefore we can conclude that, the scope of growth is very high in service sector industry in India, but there lots of barriers, visible as well as invisible, so as we move forward removing these barriers, we can become the top economy with the highest growing service sector in the world, but at first we as people should be more vigilant, less corrupted and more contributing towards the society, for enabling change in the country. Growth of service sector Services is a set of economic activities like transportation, trade, tourism, communications, banking and insurance, real estate and so on. There are a few factors responsible for growth of service sector in India like demographic, social, economic and political. Demographic changes: With a rise in the standard of living the life expectancy has risen which in turn is increasing the size of the retired population and creating a new demand for travel and leisure, as well as for healthcare, nursing and life insurance. The need for infrastructural support services has increased due to the development of new towns and regions. Social changes: The population of working women has drastically increased which has led to traditional domestic functions being performed outside the home. With an addition of an earning member in the house the demand for consumer services, including retailing, real estate and personal financial services have continuously been increasing. With the rising income, the standard of life has also improved. Smaller families with double income have started spending more on entertainment, travel and hospitality services than before. Also with increase in communication and travel the children and adults these days are making new demands on learning establishments, so that they can develop the skills needed in order to compete. In todays dynamic environment all this has created market for knowledge and information based services. Economic changes: Due to globalization the demand for communication, travel and information services has increased and this gap has been filled by constantly updating with new information technology. With increasing degree of specialization in ever industry the economy has led to a reliance on specialist service providers. Political and legal changes: A countrys government plays an important role in its growth, a country with minimum leakages will have better growth rate because of less corruption. With a constant growth in international trade, the demand on legal and other professional services have increased, cutting across national boundaries. The Indian government realizes the importance of promoting growth in the area and is creating an environment that will promote sectors such as healthcare, tourism, communications, information technology, and many others. REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SERVICES IN INDIA: Changing Role of Women: Traditionally Indian women were seen as people involved with household activities. But with the changing time there has been a change in the traditional way of thinking in the society. Women are now allowed to work. They are employed in many service sectors across the country like defence services, software services, health services, hospital services, police services, postal services, entertainment industries, Business Process Outsourcing and so on. The percentage of working women has been increasing rapidly. This changing of traditional role of women has led to demand for various product and services. Now days earning women prefer to charter services in order to reduce the numerous roles that they are required to perform. The changing role of women activities from household activities to working individuals is forcing service organizations to be more innovative in their approach. Cultural Changes: During the last century there is a lot that has been westernized in the Indian culture. People have started living in nuclear family in the place of traditional joint families which has created a demand for a number of services like education, health care, entertainment, telecommunication, transport, tourism and so on. Also there has been a change in the thought processes relating to investment, general expenditure, leisure time perception and so on which has created a huge demand in various sectors based on choices. I.T. Revolution: From the past decade India has been constantly working hard and has been able to occupy a vital position in the field of Information Technology. For Indians IT became one of the key service businesses. Currently the highest software skilled population in the world is in India and because of which the domestic market as well as the international market has grown substantially. The government is realizing the potential for this area and have already prioritized their expenditure for such purposes in different states. Development of Markets: With changing environment the competition in all the industries have drastically increased. The number of wholesalers and retailers during the last few decades have increased in the country. Urban India has become a cluster of wholesaling and retailing business. A new type of organisations, offering marketing based services has come up. The government is also offering marketing services to the small-scale agricultural farmers, artisans and other traditional businesses. Migration of population: With increasing inflation and overall cost of living people have started migrating from rural to semi-urban and urban areas in search of better jobs which has resulted in the expansion of cities and townships due to which businesses like real estates, rentals, transportation and infrastructure services are rapidly expanding. Export potential: India is considered to be the hub of the affordable services. India currently offers services like banking, insurance, accounting services, construction labour, designing, entertainment, education, health services, software services and tourism to various parts of the world. The advantage of having the highest number of software skilled population helps in doing this at affordable prices. http://www.bms.co.in http://www.huffingtonpost.in

Online Shopping Software Systems Information Technology Essay

Online Shopping Software Systems Information Technology Essay Nowadays everyone is busy with their works; they dont have much time to do shopping in the (busy) big super markets. In the stores we have to search in the each shelf to find our product so it takes more time and no guarantee of every product available in every store. Moreover, weather conditions are too bad so we cannot get our required products. Payment is also a big problem because we should stand in the queue for payment. Stores are not always opened (24/7). Why It Has Come: To solve above mentioned problems, we can use Online Shopping method.   For customers it is not only because of the high level of convenience, but also because of the broader selection; competitive pricing and greater access to information.  For organizations it increases their customer value and the building of sustainable capabilities, next to the increased profits. One advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services with many different vendors (though some  local search engines do exist to help consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores). Search engines, online  price comparison services  and  discovery shopping  engines can be used to look up sellers of a particular product or service. A majority of consumers choose online shopping for a faster and more efficient shopping experience. Many researchers notify that the uniqueness of the web has dissolved and the need for the design, which will be user centered, is very important.  Companies should always remember that there are certain things, such as understanding the customers wants and needs, living up to promises, never go out of style, because they give reason to come back. Online stores must describe products for sale with text, photos, and multimedia files, whereas in a physical retail store, the actual product and the manufacturers packaging will be available for direct inspection (which might involve a test drive, fitting, or other experimentation). Some online stores provide or link to supplemental product information, such as instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications. Some provide background information, advice, or how-to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to buy. Some stores even allow customers to comment or rate their items Current Project Requirement: Responsibilities/ Current Position: We are responsible to create an Online Shopping Software System for our client Metro Super Stores. The main idea of online  shopping  is not just in having a good looking  website  that could be listed in a lot of search engines or the art behind the site.  Its not only just about disseminating information, because it is also about building relationships and making money.   Organizations that want to keep their customers or gain new ones should try to get rid of all mistakes and be more appealing to be more desirable for online shoppers. 2. Project Objectives The main objective behind the project is to enable Metro superstore to expand their business by enabling customers to buy their products online via a safe and secured online payment method. This will help Metro superstore to attract more customers and increase their market. Also, Metro superstore will be able to make it efficient and convenient for its customers to purchase products and review them. Customers can avail numerous offers on products online and make their payment with the click of a button. Times are changing and it is becoming increasingly difficult for customers to find time to visit a shopping mall and go through a wide range of products. The online shopping cart system will make it easier for the customer to browse through this wide range of products and also compare them with similar products in the market. The project will also aim at receiving and then analyzing the feedback obtained from the customers to help maintain or uplift the quality of products and to buil d a better service for the customers. Metro superstore will aim to thus gain market monopoly and attract a wider range of customers. It will also enable Metro superstore to build a relationship with international customers from around the world. The project aims at bridging the gap between Metro superstore and its customers. Customers will be able to purchase their desired products online from the comfort of their homes without having to go through the trouble of visiting the store physically. The customers will be able to create their account, browse through the products and add them to their virtual shopping cart. They can then check out having the options to pay online via safe and secured online transaction or pay as cash on delivery of the products. An additional objective of this project is to make Metro super-stores products available to customers 247 online. The online website will also contain all the products instructions, safety procedures, demonstrations, or manufacturer specifications and how-to guides. Customers will be able to post reviews after they have used the product which will enable other potential buyers to make decisions. Thus, the most crucial objective of this project is users convenience. 3. Project Scope 3.1 Project Brief The project involves eight technical people working together, including a project manager. This Project has been handled by eight members and it is a big project, which is modularized into small parts and assigned to each member of the project. Moreover because of this, the project has been managed very well by the project manager. We are going to work for four months to develop an online-shopping for existing super stores called METRO. The main aim of the project is to deliver the software for online shopping with in the elapsed time. Metro initially contacted our software solutions with their requirements and their need in having a website for their superstore. The website should give the information about the products and can facilitate the online shopping. The basic requirements of the website has been clearly mentioned by them so, that no future faults or misunderstandings. They also showed us the survey they conducted in the store from their customers. This survey proves that superstore needs an online shopping facility to their customers. It also states online shopping is the only alternative method to help customers in busy queues, parking area, shopping time and extra range of products available only in online. Based on the above things we agreed to make a website for the metro super stores. 3.2 Project Approach Deliverables: This project delivers a user-friendly software (or) flat form for online shopping to the METRO superstore. The software provides a website having all the facilities for the customers starting from price enquiries, offers, availability of stock, quality, store details, contacts and ordering the goods. 3.3 Exclusions. Every project has its boundaries and it can only delivers outcomes and specifications within that boundary. The exclusions in our project are delivery department, managing the software after term time (6 months) and further upgrading (or) developing new products. Delivery department: Delivering the goods in time and enquiries about the delivery will not be supported by the project team. All the shipping and delivery process is being deal by the super store. Managing the software after term time: The project team will not be dealing with the software term time. Though it gives an assurance of guarantee for lifelong but managing the website is wholly controlled by the superstore management. We will be taking care of the site for the term time which is 6 months duration. In this period we will be teaching and sorting out any minor problems for the super store staff. Upgrading the software: Upgrading the software and developing the new products is personally responsible by the superstore. The lightening software solutions will not be supporting any further upgrades for the website as a commitment of this project. The above products have been clearly mentioned that they will not include as a part in the project and which is solely agreed by the management of the super store. 4. Project Deliverables The products of the project will be: Management Quality: M1 Project Brief M2 Project Initiation Document M3 Highlight Reports M4 End of Project Report Business: B1 Communications plan B2 Questionnaire (to support information gathering ensure consistency) B3 Report for Project Board on current requirements/arrangements, and areas identified for further investigation/potential change B4 Report for Executive Board with recommendations for change B5 Implementation proposals Actual Product of the project: An user-friendly Online Shopping Software System The major deliverables are broken down in the project plan into smaller deliverables and activities.   User documentation User training 5. Project Organization 5.1 Project Board Project Sponsor: Metro Super stores Senior Responsible Owner: Vishal Sharma Project Management Board: Johnson- Executive Srikanth Nair Rohit Singh Suresh Peter Sundar Raghavan 5.2 Project Team Project Manager: Prasnnaa Nachimuthu Project Team Members: Abid Ali Baig Hari Vommi Kalyan Kondapally Mahitha Kolli Rakesh Thatiparthy Ronak Muchhala Vijay Chekuri 5.3 The Project Organization Structure Communication and Engagement team Policy Team Technical and procurement team Legal Team Project Board Project Manager Prasnnaa Nachimuthu Project SRO Vishal Sharma 5.4 Roles and Responsibilities Project Board: Approve Project Initiation Document, component plans and any subsequent changes Ensure the business case remains sound throughout the project Provide direction and determine priorities Commit resources and resolve conflicts Approve initiation and completion of stages Responsibility for quality of deliverables/end-products Senior Responsible Officer: Responsible for ensuring that the project meets its objectives and delivers the projected benefits Owner of the business changes, which will flow from the projects recommendations. Project Manager: Responsible for providing support to Project Board and Team, monitoring progress and resource usage, maintaining project plan, establishing and operating arrangements for document version control, establishing and operating arrangements for handling project issues, and maintaining the Quality Log. Project Team Members: The Project Team, together with the Project Manager, will be responsible for researching and developing the business products of the project To provide skills across work packages as required 6. Communication Plan Communication Purpose Audience Author Mode Of Communication Frequency Monthly status report to project sponsor To keep project sponsor informed of the projects progress and key upcoming activities Project sponsor Executive Committee Project Manager Email Posting on project website Video conference Monthly Weekly schedule metrics Monitor and report progress on scheduled tasks. Troubleshoot problem areas and solve issues as appropriate. Project management Others, as appropriate Project Manager Email Posting on website Group meetings Weekly Project team calendar Keep project participants aware of key project dates and to help them manage their schedules. Maintain training calendars. Project management team Project Coordinator Post in project folders in Intranet Daily 7. Quality Plan The Software Product must includes the following qualities Good enough product: The product is good enough which enables the Metro Super store to solve all critical problems which they encountered. The product should able to solve 70 to 80 % of the most common customer needs. Cost: The cost of the software product is reasonable that comes under the budget of the client and meets the quality and standards which the client expects. Easy to implement: The product is simple enough which makes Metro Super store to implement it easily without facing any problem. The product can be installed in several minutes instead of taking hours for installation. Association of steady users: Staff of Metro Super store contributes their time to test our product, report about the error if they find any, request us for new features and develop new product functionality. Standard Technology: The product should utilize the technologies which are widely in use such as Java, AJAX. Upgrades: The product will be updated time to time which encourage the clients ton use our product more often and in an interactive manner. Scalability: The product has the ability to handle the large amount of work. It can help to increase the work. Correctness: It indicates the correctness of algorithm which the product includes. Deficiency of bugs: The product does not include any bug and produce the accurate result or output to the client. Fault Tolerance: Continue to operate properly even if some of its component does not work. Extensibility: Ability to extend the work. Extension can be done in 2 ways Modifying the existing functionality. Adding new functionality to the existing functionality. Maintainability: It refers to the maintenance of the product in order to Correct the defects. Meeting the new requirements. Endure related to the change in Environment Responsible for the Quality of the product: Project Manager is responsible for the quality of the product. He must make sure that the product meets all requirements which are specified by the client and the standards are met. Acceptance Criteria: Project Manager is responsible in identifying the acceptance criteria. Acceptance is defined as acquiring the acknowledgement from the client that the product which is delivered to them meets all the requirements according to their specification. Milestones List the project milestones and deliverables for which customer acceptance will be sought: Milestone Deliverable Name Description Name Description Online Shopping Software System Implementing the project management software package on new hardware .Providing access to the internet Software Package installed Implementation of General Ledger (GL), Accounts Payable (AP) and Accounts Receivable (AR) software Acceptance Milestones Table: Criteria Identify the criteria and standards to be met to achieve final customer acceptance for each deliverable. Deliverable Criteria Standards Software Package installed System functionality: · GL tested installed · AP tested installed · AR tested installed System Performance : System up-time · System response-time · Data transferred System functionality: · GL operational with no errors · AP operational with no errors · AR operational with no errors System Performance : 99.9% system uptime · Acceptance Criteria Table 8. Project Plan Number Tasks Resource Start Date End Date Duration Milestone 1 Initiation Everyone 06/09/2010 25/09/2010 20 days 1.1 Collect project ideas Prasnnaa 06/09/2010 07/09/2010 2 days 1.2 Prioritize project ideas Prasnnaa 08/09/2010 09/09/2010 2 days 1.3 Gather customer requirements Prasnnaa 10/09/2010 10/09/2010 1 day 1.4 Submit the request and get approval for the proposal Prasnnaa 11/09/2010 13/09/2010 3 days Yes 1.5 Prepare the requirement document Rakesh 13/09/2010 18/09/2010 6 days 1.6 Meeting for project kickoff Everyone 19/09/2010 21/09/2010 2 days 1.7 Outline project plan Rakesh 22/09/2010 23/09/2010 2 days 1.8 Assign resources to project plan tasks Prasnnaa 24/09/2010 25/09/2010 2 days 2 Analysis Kalyan, Mahitha 26/09/2010 05/10/2010 10 days 2.1 Create entity relationship diagram Kalyan 26/09/2010 28/09/2010 3 days 2.2 Create Data Flow Diagram Mahitha 29/09/2010 30/09/2010 2 days 2.3 Define data dictionary Kalyan 01/10/2010 02/10/2010 2 days 2.4 Perform object-oriented analysis Mahitha 03/10/2010 05/10/2010 3 days 3 Design Rakesh, Vijay, Hari 06/10/2010 27/10/2010 22 days 3.1 Design data model Rakesh 06/10/2010 09/10/2010 4 days 3.2 Write functional specifications Vijay 10/10/2010 11/10/2010 2 days 3.3 Design storyboards and/or prototypes Rakesh, Vijay 12/10/2010 12/10/2010 1 day 3.4 Write detailed design specifications Rakesh, Vijay 13/10/2010 15/10/2010 3 days 3.5 Write documentation plan Vijay 16/10/2010 17/10/2010 2 days 3.6 Write beta test plan Hari 18/10/2010 19/10/2010 2 days 3.7 Write SQA test plan Hari 20/10/2010 20/10/2010 1 day 3.8 Write SQA test cases Hari 21/10/2010 21/10/2010 1 day 3.9 Write customer support plan Rakesh 22/10/2010 23/10/2010 2 days 3.10 Write training plan Hari 24/10/2010 25/10/2010 2 days 3.11 Write risk management plan Vijay 26/10/2010 27/10/2010 2 days 4 Development Ronak, Ali 28/10/2010 26/11/2010 30 days 4.1 Code application components Ronak 28/10/2010 06/11/2010 10 days 4.2 Unit test Ali 07/11/2010 10/11/2010 4 days 4.3 Integration test Ali 11/11/2010 14/11/2010 4 days 4.4 Write documentation Ronak, Ali 15/11/2010 21/11/2010 7 days 4.5 Write training courseware Ronak 22/11/2010 26/11/2010 5 days 5 Software Quality Assurance (SQA) Hari, Ali 27/11/2010 11/12/2010 15 days 5.1 System test Hari 27/11/2010 01/12/2010 5 days 5.2 Track defects Ali 02/12/2010 05/12/2010 4 days 5.3 Regression test Hari, Ali 06/12/2010 11/12/2010 6 days 6 Manage Release and Change Prasnnaa, Ronak 12/12/2010 16/12/2010 5 days 6.1 Configuration management Prasnnaa 12/12/2010 13/12/2010 2 days 6.2 New full releases Ronak 14/12/2010 14/12/2010 1 day 6.3 Maintenance releases Ronak 15/12/2010 15/12/2010 1 day 6.4 Defect and enhancement tracking Prasnnaa 16/12/2010 16/12/2010 1 day 7 Implementation Everyone 17/12/2010 05/01/2011 20 days 7.1 Implement the website in beta test system Ali, Rakesh 17/12/2010 18/12/2010 2 days 7.2 Conduct beta tests Hari 19/12/2010 20/12/2010 2 days 7.3 Track defects and report to customer support Ronak, Vijay 21/12/2010 21/12/2010 1 day 7.4 Gather requirements for customizations Prasnnaa 22/12/2010 23/12/2010 2 days 7.5 Analysis (gap between customizations) Mahitha 24/12/2010 25/12/2010 2 days 7.6 Design Kalyan 26/12/2010 27/12/2010 2 days 7.7 Implement the customized website Ali 28/12/2010 28/12/2010 1 day 7.8 Unit test adaptations Rakesh 29/12/2010 30/12/2010 2 days 7.9 Integration test (Implementation) Hari 31/12/2010 01/01/2011 2 days 7.10 Execute customer acceptance test procedure Kalyan 02/01/2011 03/01/2011 2 days 7.11 Cutover testing to production Everyone 04/01/2011 05/01/2011 2 days Yes

Body Systems :: Human Body

Body Systems There are 10 body systems, one of them is the Integumentary (skin). It is composed of hair, skin, nails, sence receptions and oil glands. Its functionis to protect from outside, to regulate the body temperature, to make synthesis of hormones & chemicals and is used as a sense organ. Another one is the Skeletal System (bones). It is made of about 206 bones, that are divided in tho categories: axial bones (in the body by itself) and apendicular bones (arms & legs). We have Joints too. Thei`re divided in Ball Socket (like elbow and shoulders) and sattle (fingers). This system`s function are movement, storage of minerals, blood formation, support of the body and protection of body parts. The next one is the Muscular System. It is composed of muscles (dah). The muscles are divided in visceral or involuntary or smooth (The one in the organs, like intestines), skeletal or voluntary or striated (found superficial to the bones, like biceps, triceps...) and cardiac (heart). Their functions are movement, to maintain body posture & tone and in the production of body heat. Now its time for the Nervous System. Its constructed of the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves (neurons). Its functions are to communicate (fast with short duration), integration, and to control. The subsequent system is the Endocrine System (known as ductless too...). This is composed of a lot of things... They are:pituitary gland - below the brain (master gland), pineal gland - brain (It`s called the "third eye" by some, because its sensitive to light cycles), hypothalamus - also in the brain (it works with the pituitary), the thyrodic -

Mathematical Ethics Essay -- Math Philosophy Aristotle Papers

Mathematical Ethics Philosophers since antiquity have argued the merits of mathematics as a normative aid in ethical decision-making and of the mathematization of ethics a theoretical discipline. Recently, Anagnostopoulos, Annas, Broadie and Hutchinson have probed such issues said to be of interest to Aristotle. Despite their studies, the sense in which Aristotle either opposed or proposed a mathematical ethics in subject-matter and method remains unclear. This paper attempts to clarify the matter. It shows Aristotle’s matrix of exactness and inexactness for ethical subject-matter and ethical method in the Nicomachean Ethics. Then it probes a resultant puzzle from the matrix, namely, the HL model of the happy life without consideration of mathematical justice (Bk. III) and the HJL model of the happy life with such consideration (Bk. V). Finally, it examines Aristotle’s twofold rationale for differentiating these two models in his overall moral feedback loop system: differences in the intel lectual virtue of good deliberation; the priority of friendship over justice for the happy life. This suggests Aristotle saw no objection either to using mathematics as an aid to ethical decision-making for a happy life, or to mathematizing at least some parts of an ethical theory of eudaimonism. I. The problem of math ethics in modernity and antiquity Mathematizing ethics to become scientific ethics has long been a dream of some philosophers, dating to both the Academy and perhaps the Lyceum. In modern philosophy Jeremy Bentham, (1) G.E. Moore, (2) and Nicholas Rescher (3) have tried to mathematize ethics. Such mathematizations square with Quine's view that mathematizing inexact things by way of exact methods marks a successful reduc... ...participants. It misses the mark methodologically, or, as Broadie likens it, it is "playing at ethics" or even a "perversion." It is, as Aristotle sees in the Nicomachean Ethics, a deception, since the underlying longitudinal assumption is that someone thinks they can become good by talking about the good without doing good and without being impacted by doing what they have chosen in a moral feedback loop system. (1105b 13-17) Furthermore, such maturation theories overlook the iterative dimension of moral decision-making with feedback loops and filters in the development of moral character — including the possible use of mathematical ethics in the manner of Aristotle, who seems to have steered a middle course between complete reductive mathematization of ethics and an apriori resistance to even a partial mathematization of ethics. "Not too much and not too little!"

Arts and Politics :: Arts Politics Essays

Arts and Politics Many artists tend to overwork themselves and get frustrated. Even if they were to work 18 hours a day on a project, many of them still wouldn’t be able to pat themselves on the shoulder and say â€Å"You’ve done a great job! You should be happy!† Of all the times they say it, they rarely feel it. But when you get down to the bottom of it, they absolutely love to do it! Just like that, Emilie gets neurotic when she works, and hence she prefers to work alone at night. Upon my insistence she reveals some of the secret characteristics of her artist persona: she gazes at the drawing, moves back, gazes some more, moves closer, speaks to herself and works for long hours until the picture in her head comes alive. It’s rarely the exact same picture, but sometimes it’s â€Å"even better†. She’s sharing her studio with two friends this year. As a result, she prefers to work at home even though she misses the times when she pulled all-nighters in Johnson and turned the lights off as the sun came up. Even though she works like a zombie in order to avoid human presence, the result inevitably begs for the daylights due to its political subject matter. Emilie doesn’t do art for art’s sake. She has a purpose: to make the viewer think. â€Å"It’s really important to know what you think about everything.. ‘Cause if you don’t know, then what are you bringing to the table?.. In order to be a complete person you need to have complete opinions about a wide spectrum of things.† Unlike some political art that’s shoved into your face, Emilie tries to be subtle. She likes to put things out there and leave the interpretation to the viewer. Her work mainly deals with gender, popular culture, and western mentality. â€Å"I’m a woman, I’m American, I’m middle upper class, I’m a consumer, I’m privileged. But I’m also influenced by the struggles of the other class-lower class†¦ I’m fascinated by the concept of the exotic and how western communities turn that into a commodity. The consumption by the west of the east..† she says as she sips on Red Bull, takes another drag from her cigarette, the count of which I lost a while ago, and puts on some techno/pop music on the computer. But that’s not all. Despite her interest and respect in political art, she immediately sits up when asked her favorite artist and speaks the name James Turrell.

How Xerophytes Are Adapted for Water Loss Essay

Biology essay: describe the adaptations shown by xerophytes to reduce water loss A Xerophyte is a type of plant that is well adapted to water. Water loss is something that is very bad for the plants if the ratio of water lost to water taken in is too drastic. The cells may lose their turgidity and may even submit to plasmolysis, which will result in the plant wilting and eventually dying. Water loss via transpiration (loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant due to evaporation) is fundamentally inevitable due to the fact that plants exchange gases with the atmosphere, via their stomata-the pores in a leafs epidermis . The bad aspect of this is the fact that the plants must photosynthesise in order to acquire the energy vital for their survival; for this exchange to occur the plant must be able to allow the gases in and out of the leaves, and to do this the stomata must open, meaning that water can be lost due to the opening of an exit, and also the change in the water va pour potential gradient. Water potential is the measure of the tendency/ability of water to move freely in a solution. Water moves from an area of high water potential to an area of lower water potential, and this is what causes the water vapour in the plant to be lost to the outside atmosphere, due to the difference in the water potential gradient, and we call this â€Å"moving along the water potential gradient†. If the water potential outside the plant was higher than the water potential inside the plant, then the plant would absorb water vapour rather than lose it, but because of the extreme weather conditions, and the difference in water potential the plant loses rather than gains water. The potential of water vapour is the same concept, and simply means the same thing but in terms of the gaseous form of water. Most plants can reduce water loss by structural and behavioural adaptations such as: * A waxy cuticle on the leaf will reduce water loss due to evaporation through the epidermis * The stom ata are often found on the undersurface of leaves, not on the top surface- this reduces the evaporation due to direct heating from the sun * Most stomata are closed at night, when there is no light for photosynthesis * Deciduous plants lose their leaves in winter, when the ground may be frozen (making water less available) and when temperatures may be too low for photosynthesis. However although xerophytes do execute these adaptations, they also have a number of adaptations specific to their own requirements that reduce the rate of water loss. Firstly, the surface area. Xerophytes have much smaller leaves, often shaped like needles. This reduces the surface area of the leaves significantly; hence the total leaf surface area is also reduced. This means that there is a much smaller area for the water vapour to escape from, this works well because the smaller the surface area, the smaller the quantity of water that can escape, therefore the less water lost. The thorn like structures reduce the area exposed for transpiration. Pine trees are prime examples of this, as they have small needle-shaped â€Å"leaves† that h ave a small surface area, therefore are able to retain more water as a result, because less of the area is exposed, and so transpiration cannot occur as abundantly. Next, includes the way mesophyll, the spongy inner tissue of a leaf that is composed of loosely arranged cells of irregular shape, is densely packed together. This reduces the cell surface area that is exposed to the air inside the leaves, meaning that the space for water to have access to is reduced, because the cells are more compact, thus creating a sealed wall where water cannot escape into and less water will evaporate into the leaf air spaces as a result, hence reducing the rate of water loss. A third factor of xerophytes that they have adapted themselves to include the waxy cuticle, which appears on all plants, is a lot thicker than the typical cuticle. The waxiness reduces evaporation further, particularly cuticular transpiration, where water escapes from fissures through the cuticle. This is because the cuticle, found at the epidermal (outermost) layer of cells, is made up of a complex formula of waxy substances known as Cutin, which acts sort of like a waterproof layer to p revent the loss of water from the surface cells, therefore reducing the amount of water that could be lost to the atmosphere. Fourthly, closing the stomata when water availability is low will reduce water loss and so reduce the need to take up water. This is because when the stomata is open for various reasons including gas exchange, water can escape from the openings made by the stomata, this is bad or a plant like a xerophyte which wants to retain as much after as possible, therefore keeping the stomata closed as much as possible increases the plants chances of retaining water, particularly when water is scarce. Next, hairs on the surface of the leaf trap a layer of air close to the surface. This air can become saturated with moisture and will reduce the diffusion of water vapour out through the stomata. This is because the gradient of the water vapour potential between the inside of the leaf and the outside has been reduced, for if there is a â€Å"barrier† of water between the inside of the cell and the out, then the gradient of water potential is significantly reduced, because the difference in water potential is less, hence water will not want to move from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential. Pits containing stomata at their base also trap air that can become saturated with water vapour, and so also reduce the rate of water loss. This will reduce the gradient in the water vapour potential between inside and outside the lea, so reducing loss by diffusion. Behavioural aspects of adaptations that xerophytes achieve include rolling their leaves up so that the lower epidermis is not exposed to the atmosphere which can trap air that becomes saturated. This is another way to reduce or even eliminate the water potential gradient. Another point to make is that some plants have a low water potential inside their leaf cells. This is achieved by maintaining a high salt concentration in the cells. The low water potential reduces the evaporation o water from the cell surfaces as the water potential gradient between the cells and the leaf air spaces is reduced. An excellent example of a xerophyte is marram grass. A dense green plant with protruding spikes that appears in tufts, which you often see dotted along the coastal scenery. Its principal habitat is sand dunes and the conditions are very severe and can be particularly brutal at times, with winds and salty, dry terrain. The features described above mirror a lot of the characteristics that marram grass possess, such as rolling up its leaves to trap air inside as well as a thick waxy cuticle to reduce water evaporation rom surface cells, and hence is a very good example of a xerophyte. In conclusion, xerophytes are very durable plants that have adapted exceedingly well to living in such harsh conditions. Their features allow them to retain water incredibly well, and that provides them with an advantage to living in places such as the desert in comparison with a normal plant.

Advocacy for Families and Youth

Josie is an 11-year-old bi-racial â€Å"at-risk† adolescent who lives with her single mother. Josie has a history of learning and behavioral problems in school. She attends a large suburban school and is struggling in sixth grade. Josie can be a behavioral problem in the home and community and has been referred to your agency for advocacy services. She has been asked not to return to her soccer team because of her behavior and is no longer permitted at her after school program. One day when you are talking with Josie, she reports that she has been extremely depressed and just does not care about living anymore. In paragraph format, discuss, and describe the basic theories or methodologies involved in advocacy and the role of the advocate in working with at-risk families or youth. Explain how you would advocate for Josie in both the personal and professional setting by addressing the following questions: 1.What are the key advocacy issues or risk factors impacting this case? List at least three and explain why these are key issues. Make sure to take cultural considerations into account. 2.What should be done to address the advocacy issues? List at least three solutions per issue identified. Be very specific and support your response with at least two sources. 3.Identify any roadblocks that could occur to successful advocacy for this scenario. List and explain at least three roadblocks. Support your response with at least two sources. 4.What are the key legal and ethical considerations relevant to this case? How would you address these considerations?

Plato the Republic Essay

Art has always been controversial in a society because of the many different ways the artist tends to express themselves. Plato, who helped lay the foundation for western culture, saw the problems in art over 2,000 years ago. Plato’s The Republic is a series of books that discusses the republic that Plato is trying to create. In each book Plato touches on different topics dealing with the art, that he feels effect society then. Today, some of the points that Plato argue can still be argued. Plato looks only at the negative effects that art can have, rather than the positive effects. In Book II, Plato focuses on fictitious stories told to children while their growing up. Plato’s first plan is to â€Å"create a censorship of the writers of fiction† (Plato 13). The job of these people will be to pick which stories are â€Å"good â€Å"and which stories are â€Å"bad†. For some people, books like Harry Potter are good and for others it is bad. The point is that one person’s definition of one thing might be the antithesis of another person’s definition. The censorship of writers can be both useful and not useful. The censorship of writers can be useful, because it might keep certain arts out of the child’s hand. It could be not useful because, the parent will make the ultimate decision if the child will hear or read the story. The next point is what makes the people chosen qualified to select what the children should hear, or not. Once again, it brings up the point of people having their own definition of good and bad. In society today, there are ratings to television shows and movies. Some are not rated for children but in the end the parent makes the decision on what the child is allowed to watch. So instead of having a censorship committee, he should educate the parents more. Plato then goes to talk about the effects of letting children hear tales by saying â€Å"and shall we just carelessly allow children to hear any causal tales which may be devised by causal persons, and to receive into their minds ideas for the most part the very opposite of those which we should wish them to have when they grow up† (Plato 13). This shows how Plato only looks the negative effects of art. The positive about having villains in art is they give the children an example of what not to be. Also having villains in art it allows the children to be able to recognize what is bad, and who are bad people. For example, in Little Red Riding Hood, it teaches a child lessons such as do not talk to strangers, and listen to the parents. It also shows children the consequences for not listening to their parents. In Book III, Plato focuses on imitation. Plato goes on to talk about how after imitating for so long it becomes natural for the person â€Å" did you ever observe how imitations, beginning in early youth and continued far into life, at the length grow in habits and become a second nature affecting the body, voice, and mind† (Plato 15). It can be argued that just because you imitate something does not mean that is who the person is. For example, there are plenty of actors who have been acting their whole life, who do not take the roles portrayed the home. Meaning that the roles that the person play in films is not the role they play in their everyday life. Plato then goes to talk about the roles that a person should imitate â€Å"when he comes to a character which is unworthy of him,[then] he will not make a study of that† (Plato 16). Plato feels that a good person should imitate roles that are only good in nature. Once again Plato fails to realize how a person imitating something bad could have a positive effect on the people. Imitating can have positive effects on society by allowing them to see what is not good for a society. In some cases, the only way to show what something is to imitate it, because it is no longer around. For example, slavery is no longer around, so you most likely cannot find a slave, so you have to imitate it. The topic Plato touches on is having a person do only one job when he says, â€Å"we shall find a shoemaker to be a shoe maker and no a pilot also† (Plato 17). Plato fails to realize that the person may not be imitating but may in fact be able to do more than one things well. This goes back to â€Å"one man can only do on thing well and not many† (Plato 14). Throughout this book, Plato only looks at person doing more than one thing as imitating, and not as being who they really are. In Book IV, Plato focuses on how new music affects the state. Plato wants music to stay the way it has always has been, because Plato fears that when new music comes about the laws of the state changes with it â€Å"when the modes of music changes, the fundamental laws of the state always change with them† (Plato 8). What Plato means is that when new things come about people began to rebel against society, and do what they want. Society does change, but it does not become corrupt. Society changes because new things become accepted such as new styles, slang, and etcetera. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, corrupt means to change from good to bad in morals, manners, or actions. Society was never good in the beginning for it to become corrupt because of music. Not everyone in society started off having good morals, manners, or action. No one is perfect all the time, and neither is a society. In a society there will always be people who break the laws. Just because music changes does not mean society completely changes with it. In today’s society with the hip hop era there is a lot of things that are done now that would not have been done twenty years ago. For example rappers today call females derogatory names, and now a lot of females are excepting to be called those names. While some females are proud to be called those names, other not so much, and they stand up for what they believe in. Plato then goes to say that it is the guardian’s responsibility to pick what is right for the child to hear â€Å"our guardians must lay the foundations of their fortress in music† (Plato 18). This goes back to book II, were the parent will pick what they feel is right for the child to hear. The parents should be educated on the effects that the music can have on the child. Even though music can have no direct effect on one child’s life, it could have an indirect effect. It could have an indirect effect, because of the people who have the direct effect pass it on. While the music can have no direct effect on a child, Plato feels that the child should still be taught on what can be sung at home, and what can be sung at church. For example it is reasonable to sing a gospel song in church, but not a song by Lady Gaga, because it is not appropriate for church. Plato focuses on how new music changes society in negative way, but never says how new music can help society. New music can help society by bringing about new ideas, bringing people together, and it gives the people a sense of expression. According to emedexpert. om, music can help with blood pressure, the heart, and memory. So music is not just something for the soul, but it also helps heal the body. In Book X, Plato focuses on poets and poetry. Plato feels that poetry is an imitation of the soul; he feels that it portrays a bad part of the soul. Plato argues that the soul is quiet and stable. By quiet and stable Plato means that the souls have no emotion, and should not act angry, or any other way that can be seen as bad by sayingâ€Å" and he is also like him in being concerned with an inferior part of the soul† (Plato 29). For some people poetry is an outlet for people to express themselves, and get their angry and frustrations out. Plato also feels that it poet write about things that they have no knowledge of â€Å"the poet is like a painter who, as we have already observed, will make likeness of a cobbler though he understands nothing of cobbling; and his pictures is good enough for those who know no more than he does, and judge only by colors and figures† (Plato 24). No one can judge whether a person’s poetry is true or not, most likely no one knows the person personally to make that judgment. It might be things that the poet writes about that happened years ago. He feels that Poets cannot be factual educators because they do not know what is good. Poetry is an art that is supposed to felt, and it supposed to bring out the bad part of the soul, because it is the part that needs to be expressed. So Plato’s argument about the soul being stable and quiet is false, because nobody is happy all the time. Plato believes that once one gets in touch with their angry side, one will start to become an angry person, and that poetry will not be entertainment, but the way some people handle situations in life. Plato is so convinced that poetry is so bad for the soul, he never talks about how it could heal the soul. Poetry can help heal the soul by letting out built up emotions. Plato banishes poetry for the republic because they are unwholesome and dangerous. In the end, Plato has set rules and banned the people and arts that he does not want for his republic. Plato’s republic will be very simple, and will not allow hardly any new art. No new music will be allowed for the fear that it will corrupt the state. No poetry will be allowed for the fear of letting people getting in touch will their emotional side. Overall, Plato fails to do what he planned on doing, and that is improving society. Throughout The Republic, Plato keeps the same narrow mind set by not seeing the good in art. He failed on improving society by failing to see how the arts can help him change society, rather than corrupt society.